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Comments like "This year and next may be the hottest on record" and "A super El Ni?o may be approaching" have currently been doing the rounds online, generating endless debate. In response to these pressing climate issues, several meteorological experts have dived in to offer professional analyses, in order to clarify forecasting anomalies and explain potential climate risks.
Regarding the probability and intensity of an El Ni?o event, a warming of the ocean surface, or above-average sea surface temperatures, Zheng Fei, a researcher at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that forecast data indicates a high probability — over 70 percent — of a moderate-strength El Ni?o occurring in 2026, while the probability of it developing into a super El Ni?o is only about 10 percent. The notion of a "super El Ni?o" currently circulating online lacks scientific basis, and it is too early to declare this year the hottest on record, Zheng said. However, the risk of extreme weather events has significantly increased.
Currently, forecasts from various global meteorological agencies regarding the timing of El Ni?o's onset vary considerably, with the predicted timeframe ranging from April to September. Zheng explained that these discrepancies are not due to flaws in the prediction models but rather the influence of the "Spring Predictability Barrier," when the models struggle to make accurate forecasts. In the spring, air-sea interactions in the tropical Pacific are relatively weak, and physical relationships, such as temperature and wind patterns, are less defined. Additionally, differences in modeling approaches, emphasis on physical processes, and sensitivity to initial conditions among various agencies mean that prediction errors are amplified as the forecast horizon lengthens. This leads to discrepancies in results.
Of additional interest is that against the backdrop of global warming, El Ni?o will amplify the effects of extreme weather. Li Kexin, a doctoral student at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, said El Ni?o releases ocean heat, creating natural warming. Combined with long-term warming caused by human activities, this makes heat waves occur earlier, become more intense, and last longer. This climate impact exhibits distinct phased characteristics. In the summer following El Ni?o formation, global heat waves increase significantly.
Based on this forecast, if El Ni?o forms as expected in the second half of 2026, northern China may experience an exceptionally prolonged heat wave in the summer of 2027, requiring advance preparation. At the same time, El Ni?o will increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as heat waves and heavy rainfall, making the climate increasingly unstable.
In light of this new climate reality, Zheng outlined a series of countermeasures.
Key meteorological factors, such as sea surface temperatures and monsoons, require detailed monitoring and rolling forecasts. In addition, water resource allocation needs to be coordinated to ensure a complementary water supply between wet and dry seasons through reservoir clusters. Comprehensive inspections are also required to identify potential risks of urban flooding, flash floods and geological disasters.