A recent report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) says nearly 60 percent of the global market share growth of Chinese companies across 15 key industrial sectors including car manufacturing, shipbuilding and solar power since 2005 is attributed to government subsidies.
Misplaced focus on subsidies
The report finds that global subsidies amounted to 108 billion USD in 2024, 52 percent of which came from China. OECD Secretary-General Mathias Cormann said, "Large and persistent industrial subsidies can distort global markets, creating unfair competitive advantages and contributing to excess supply capacity."
However, this conclusion is not only one-sided and unsubstantiated, but also reflects a widespread misunderstanding of the real drivers behind China's manufacturing competitiveness.
First and foremost, industrial subsidies are a universal policy tool employed by economies worldwide, rather than a practice unique to China. From the US's multi-billion-dollar CHIPS Act and Inflation Reduction Act to the EU's long-standing agricultural and aerospace support measures, governments regularly intervene to shape industrial development. The critical benchmark should always be compliance with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. Since its accession, China has strictly adhered to WTO principles, upholding openness, fairness and transparency.
The OECD's report ignores the genuine core advantages of Chinese enterprises. China's manufacturing sector did not grow "thanks to subsidies" alone; they were forged through intense market competition, continuous technological innovation, and a vast domestic consumer market.
What the OECD overlooks
CNBC cited a new report from research firm Rhodium Group, which concludes that structural advantages — not subsidies — are a key factor giving Chinese electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers an edge over Western automakers.
"Chinese carmakers benefit from fundamentally lower cost structures, driven by tighter control over their supply chains and a stronger focus on the China market — both of which significantly reduce operating costs," the report says.
The structural strengths include deeper vertical integration, greater scale, and lower overhead costs, including significantly cheaper R&D, the report says.
China's super-large domestic market and intense market competition promote cost reduction and product upgrading. For example, by the end of 2025, the number of Chinese NEVs in use had reached 43.97 million. China's NEV retail penetration hit a record high of 62.9 percent in May 2026.
"[China has] a huge cost advantage through economies of scale and battery technology. European manufacturers have fallen well behind," David Bailey, professor of business and economics at Birmingham Business School, told Reuters.
According to the International Energy Agency's 2025 report, Chinese EV startups have significantly widened their competitive advantage over established automakers in other nations over the last five years. "Battery electric car production costs are over 30 percent lower in China than in advanced economies," the report says.
Moreover, sustained and heavy investment in independent research and development has built irreplicable technological advantages. Leading domestic enterprises have steadily boosted R&D spending, far exceeding the government subsidies they receive. In green industries, the major players have invested billions of RMB annually in technological research for years.
For instance, CATL, a dominant supplier of EV batteries in China, poured over 90 billion RMB into research over the past decade. BYD's R&D expenditure reached 54.2 billion RMB. Over 13 of the past 14 years (2011-2024), its annual R&D investment exceeded its net profit.
Rhodium's report also says Chinese original equipment manufacturers devote a larger share of their workforce to R&D — BYD reportedly allocates around 11 percent of global staff to engineering and R&D, compared with roughly 8.8 percent at Volkswagen.
Attributing China's industrial prosperity solely or largely to subsidies is a fundamental misjudgment. International organizations like the OECD should play a constructive, neutral role based on accurate data and WTO consensus, rather than serving as tools for geopolitical narratives.
After all, in today's deeply integrated global economy, politicizing trade issues and stigmatizing legitimate developmental advantages resolves nothing. It only adds uncertainty to the global economic recovery.