Named Gangtie Jiliang, or Steel Backbone, it is the world's first kilometer-scale, vertical shaft, hard-rock, full-face tunnel boring machine (TBM). The revolutionary borer recently wormed its way deep into the ground at an iron ore project site of Ansteel Group Corporation Limited in Anshan, northeast China's Liaoning province.
Since 2021, China Railway Construction Heavy Industry Corporation Limited (CRCHI) has assembled a dedicated R&D team to tackle key earth boring challenges, successively overcoming three core technologies — excavation, muck removal, and support. The end result was the development of Gangtie Jiliang.
'Pencil sharpener' breakthrough
The geological conditions get more complex as the TBM goes deeper, and excavating hard rock becomes a key challenge.
The research team first upgraded the cutterhead for Gangtie Jiliang. To comply with the characteristics of vertical shaft excavation, the researchers designed a conical cutterhead with automatic alignment correction based on the cutterhead used by conventional shield TBMs, along with selected cutters that are highly effective in breaking rock.
However, the new cutterhead took a major battering when the test TBM dug to around 160 meters of a highway project vertical shaft in Panzhihua, Sichuan province.
Due to the sudden increase of rock hardness to 140 MPa, the excavation efficiency of the test TBM dropped from 10 mm per minute to five mm per minute. The team inspected the cutterhead and found uneven wear on the cutter rings and damaged bearings. Measures were needed to reduce the lateral forces acting on the cutterhead during excavation.
Pencil sharpening inspired the research team. "Previously, we assumed that equipment in a vertical shaft achieves maximum rock-breaking force when excavating horizontally, which is why the standard cutting tools on the cutterhead were always oriented perpendicular to the face," said Ke Wei, a designer of the excavation system of Gangtie Jiliang.
"But the experience of sharpening a pencil reminds us that when the blade is held against the pencil, a smaller cutting angle actually makes sharpening easier. This suggests that angling the cutting tools when drilling rock might actually result in greater rock-breaking force," said Ke.
Following a series of computational simulations and adaptations, the team significantly improved uneven wear on the cutting tools and optimized the overall stress distribution. This effectively resolved the challenges posed by deep-earth hard rock.
Removing muck
Once the excavation problems were solved, removing the rubble and excavated soil became the second major hurdle. Removing muck from a 1000-meter-deep shaft is like collecting garbage from the roof of a 300-floor building without a lift, Ding Zhangfei, chief designer of Gangtie Jiliang, said.
Due to the influence of gravity, the excavated soil falls behind the cutterhead of a horizontal TBM, but in front of the cutterhead of a vertical shaft TBM, like Gangtie Jiliang. Excavating muck for the latter is therefore much more difficult.
The research team initially chose the direct excavation approach, but the technical challenges made it impossible. Inspired by the traditional Chinese chain pump, which lifts water step by step via circulating paddles, the team developed an intelligent vertical muck removal system and installed a 25-meter-long conveying pipe extending into the cutterhead of Gangtie Jiliang.
In practical application, the intelligent vertical muck removal system achieves a removal rate of 120 cubic meters per hour, equivalent to the hourly transport capacity of approximately 10 conventional municipal dump trucks.
At the tail end of the system, the innovative team also developed a ring-shaped muck collection device, enabling 360-degree, dead-angle-free muck collection at the system's rear, and precise transfer to the storage silo, followed by hoisting via a skip to the shaft head for discharge.
Support crucial for excavation
Underground tunnels extending over a kilometer are often subject to high ground stress and water pressure, while the surrounding rock is highly prone to stress release after excavation. Without timely support, the tunnel walls will deform immediately after excavation, and there is even a risk of collapse.
The research team collaborated with several other research institutes to develop a support system. Three mainstream support schemes — rock bolts and shotcrete, formwork with cast-in-place concrete, and prefabricated steel plates combined with concrete — were systematically evaluated through repeated testing and analysis.
The team conducted a comprehensive assessment of the structural configurations of these three methods, comparing support efficiency, construction convenience, and strength and safety performance, Ding said.
The second option formwork with cast-in-place concrete was selected, but proved unsuccessful.
"We carried out a comprehensive redesign and major upgrades of the cutterhead, stepwise support mechanism, working platform and hoisting system," Ding said. "A supporting structure was installed beneath the formwork, extending outward like multiple 'arms' to hold the cast concrete in place. In addition, a separate suspension system was introduced to lift and position the formwork."
This system operates independently of the TBM cutterhead and other components, allowing support operations to proceed without interfering with excavation. As a result, the formwork remains stationary while the machine advances downward, providing a stable environment for concrete curing, according to Ding.
Looking ahead, Ding said the team will continue advancing key technologies and equipment for kilometer-scale vertical shaft hard-rock full-face TBMs, expanding the application scenarios of Gangtie Jiliang.