In order to solve univariate higher-order equations in ancient China, Siyuan Shu (the four-variable method) was developed based on Tianyuan Shu (the one-variable method) by mathematician Li Ye and others, during the late Jin (1115-1234) and early Yuan (1271-1368) dynasties.
Mathematicians then progressed to explore multivariate equation systems. Ultimately, Zhu Shijie achieved a breakthrough by extending the theory to four variables, which brought the system to its peak. Hailed as "the greatest mathematician of the medieval world", Zhu Shijie was also an educator. He authored two major mathematical works: Introduction to Mathematics (1299) and Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns (1303).
The Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns consists of an introduction and three books containing a total of 288 mathematic problems. The first four problems in the introduction illustrate his "four-unknowns" method. Zhu demonstrated how to convert a verbal problem into a system of polynomial equations using up to four unknowns: Heaven, Earth, Man and Matter. He then demonstrated how to reduce the system to a single polynomial equation in one unknown by successively eliminating the unknowns.
The elimination steps are as follows: First, select one unknown as the main variable, treat the other variables as coefficients and form an univariate equation. Using techniques such as cancellation, transposition, mutual elimination and common denominator, the other unknown variables are gradually eliminated until a univariate higher-order equation is obtained.
This equation is then solved using Qin Jiushao's Linglong method, which was a powerful algorithm from his 1247 text Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections for finding numerical solutions to high-degree polynomial equations.
The distinguishing feature of Siyuan Shu, is that it extends the elimination method to multivariate nonlinear equation systems, by integrating Qin Jiushao's method for solving high-degree equations and Li Ye's Tianyuan Shu. It represents the culmination of traditional Chinese mathematical algorithms.
The algorithmic thinking behind Siyuan Shu is remarkably similar to that behind modern computer algebra systems, reflecting the mechanized algorithm tradition of ancient Chinese mathematics. Siyuan Shu is a jewel in the crown of ancient Chinese mathematics, showcasing the mathematical wisdom of the Chinese nation. From Li Ye's Tianyuan Shu to Zhu Shijie's Siyuan Shu, it exemplifies the spirit of continuous exploration and innovation of Chinese mathematicians.