The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is one of the earliest surviving mathematical texts from China. Composed by several generations of scholars between the 10th and 2nd centuries BCE, the book sets out an approach to mathematics focused on finding the most general methods of solving problems. This can be contrasted with the approach of ancient Greek mathematicians, who tended to deduce propositions from an initial set of axioms.
The original version of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art presented rules and algorithms, but lacked formal proof or derivation. Later, the mathematician Liu Hui provided a written commentary that justified the techniques used.
Studying sections of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art and solving some of the problems in the text, is an effective way to understand how the development of mathematics in Asia was influenced by the organization of life and society there. The book deals more in practical problem solving rather than theory. It is a practical manual consisting of 246 example problems and their solutions.
In ancient times, Asians were far more adept at arithmetic than Westerners. The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art employed decimal place-value arithmetic at a time when Europeans were still using Roman numerals or other cumbersome systems. The ancient Chinese were also the first to use negative numbers, a practice that was not adopted in Europe until the 15th century. Centuries before other civilizations, the Chinese had developed algorithms for solving linear problems, including matrix methods and excess-and-deficit techniques.
The Chinese word suanshu, which appears in the title of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (Jiuzhang suanshu), literally means the "art of calculation."
This book exerted a deep influence on Japan and Korea, becoming a foundational text for their mathematical development. Its principles spread to the Korean Peninsula during the Sui dynasty (581-618 CE) and to Japan during the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE). Including topics such as areas, volumes, and linear equations, the text became a model for later East Asian mathematical works and played a key role in a shared mathematical tradition that also influenced architecture and administration. It has been translated into several languages, including Japanese, Russian, German, English and French.