





Chinese scientists have achieved a major breakthrough in lunar science by identifying micrometer-scale hematite and maghemite crystals in the samples China's Chang'e-6 mission brought from the far side of Moon in 2024.
The discovery reveals a previously unknown oxidation mechanism linked to large impact events and provides sample-based evidence on the impact origin of magnetic anomalies around the South Pole-Aitken Basin, according to the China National Space Administration.
The Chang'e-6 mission collected the samples from within the South Pole-Aitken Basin, the largest and oldest known impact basin on any rocky body in the solar system. It was the first time that samples were obtained from Moon's far side.
Shandong University's planetary science team, in collaboration with researchers from the Institute of Geochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan University, discovered hematite and maghemite in the samples. The formation of these high-valence iron oxides on Moon is extremely unexpected due to the satellite's highly reducing environment as it has no protective atmosphere or liquid water.
Using a combination of micro-area electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, the team confirmed the crystalline lattice structure and distinctive occurrence features of these native lunar hematite grains.
The study proposes that the formation of the hematite is closely associated with ancient large-scale impact events. Such impacts could have generated transient vapor environments with high oxygen fugacity, enabling iron to oxidize.
Under these conditions, troilite, a common iron sulfide in lunar rocks, may have undergone desulfurization, followed by vapor-phase deposition to produce micrometer-sized crystalline hematite particles.
The study suggests that magnetite and maghemite, both magnetic minerals, were intermediate products in this reaction pathway. They could serve as the mineral carriers responsible for the magnetic anomalies observed along the margins of the South Pole-Aitken Basin.
This work provides the first direct evidence that strongly oxidized iron minerals, such as hematite, can form on Moon despite its overall reducing conditions. It sheds new light on Moon's redox state and the origin of its localized magnetic fields.
The research has been published in the international journal Science Advances. The findings are expected to provide a crucial scientific basis for future lunar studies and deepen understanding of Moon's evolutionary history.
The Chang'e-6 mission's successful landing and sampling within the South Pole-Aitken Basin created a unique opportunity to investigate the extreme geological processes preserved in this ancient impact structure.