On the morning of October 30, the Shenzhou-21 spacecraft launched from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in northwest China on a six-month space mission, carrying a three-member crew.
The crew consists of Zhang Lu, the commander of the mission with a previous space trip under his belt, and debuting taikonauts Zhang Hongzhang, a payload specialist, and Wu Fei, a flight engineer.
People often wonder what kind of scientists can go to space. Pang Zhihao, chief science communication expert for national space exploration technology, explained the criteria to Science and Technology Daily: To be selected for space missions, the taikonauts must be well-rounded professionals with both scientific research capabilities and spaceflight adaptability.
What do scientists do in space?
Pang said scientists generally work as payload specialists. They must be able to operate experimental equipment independently, process space experimental data, and complete complex and important scientific research projects that can be carried out only in the unique environment of space.
They must also possess strong professional research capabilities and outstanding research achievements in a specific scientific field.
Zhang Hongzhang, for example, is a researcher in high-energy-density battery technology. He designed a power supply experiment project aboarded on the Shenzhou-21 mission, aimed at solving key technical problems in space power supply.
This research is closely related to his professional background and represents an important area of research in aerospace. The PhD holder has also conducted several other scientific experiments, including space science experiments on rodents.
Not all scientists meet the requirements for spaceflight, and payload specialist selection is usually linked to specific space missions. For example, scientists specializing in biology and medicine are given priority for space life science experiments, while experts in astronomy and physics are preferred for space astronomical observation missions.
Are the physical requirements high?
Pang said in terms of physical condition, tolerance of the space environment and adaptability to it, and psychological qualities, astronauts need to have the highest level in both, followed by flight engineers and then payload specialists.
Although the work primarily involves scientific research, payload specialists must also meet "aerospace" standards in terms of physical fitness. The challenges that the human body faces in space far exceed those on Earth, so payload specialists need to have strong physical endurance.
For example, during the launch of the spacecraft, the body must be able to withstand gravitational forces three to four times its own weight, while for re-entries, it is two to three times. Besides, the respiratory system must adapt to the confined cabin environment and tolerate low pressure and low oxygen.
During training, the taikonauts must pass a "vestibular function test" (involving a swivel chair or swing) to see if they can withstand severe space motion sickness (similar to motion sickness on Earth) in a weightless environment.
Pang said in order to join the astronaut corps, payload specialists undergo two-and-a-half years of training when they learn about spacecraft structure, the space environment and emergency survival skills. Only after completing all these training courses can they become taikonauts.