Tianzhou-9's docking at the rear docking port of Tianhe, the core module of China's space station Tiangong, this July, was romantically described in local media as a "kiss in space." Performed at an altitude of 400 km, this feat represented the pinnacle of human ingenuity and technological achievement.
The space station's core module houses its control center and five docking mechanisms, which are deployed at the front and rear to support the docking and berthing of visiting spacecraft.
The docking mechanism consists of two parts: active and passive. The active docking mechanism, mounted on one end of the spacecraft, features three petal-like guide plates. Each plate has two locking tongues, a set of buffers, 12 docking locks, and dual sealing rings. The passive part, mounted on the other end, is a relatively simple structure that awaits the arrival of the spacecraft. So, how do the two spacecraft dock?
Before docking, the two spacecraft cannot be perfectly aligned. To overcome this challenge, guide plates come into play, interlocking like fingers to allow the two vehicles to align as they approach each other. During insertion, the spacecraft's locking tongue is squeezed into the lock cavity, slides past the space station's latch and then quickly pops out, much like a door lock at home. This completes the first capture action, establishing a flexible connection between the two vehicles.
The impact energy of a 10-tonne spacecraft chasing a 100 -tonne space station would be catastrophic if no measures were taken. To address this, the spacecraft is equipped with a buffer system that works in a similar way to a car's shock absorbers. Using spring dampers and friction brakes, this system dissipates the impact energy within seconds, to achieve low-impact capture and highly efficient buffering. This makes the impact virtually imperceptible to the astronauts.
The docking ring on the spacecraft then retracts automatically and gradually approaches the space station. Twelve docking locks, driven by steel cables, simultaneously lock into place. This compresses the sealing ring, creating an airtight seal between the two spacecraft. The two spacecraft are now firmly connected, completing the space kiss.
Docking is a core technology for human spaceflight. Without it, delivering packages in space and regularly rotating space crews would be impossible. In the future, China's docking mechanism products will be used in major national projects such as Mars exploration and manned lunar landings, significantly contributing to space exploration.