The Shantou Bay undersea tunnel, the world's first single-hole double-track undersea tunnel, with a designed speed of 350 km per hour, has been broken through. The 9,781-meter-long tunnel is a project of the Shantou-Shanwei high-speed railway, giving a boost to regional economic development.
The tunnel was excavated from both ends by drilling, blasting and shield tunneling. During more than four years of arduous work, the engineering team overcame multiple challenges such as high-intensity earthquake zones, complex geological conditions, and extremely high water pressure.
Crossing 17 fault zones
Located in a high-intensity seismic zone, the tunnel crosses 17 fault zones and withstands an ultra-high water pressure of nearly one megapascal, said Meng Qingyu, the tunnel's chief engineer from China Railway Design Corporation (CRDC).
It was impossible to make a detour, so the most effective solution was to reinforce the surrounding rock by grouting or applying a protective layer. To ensure safety, the CRDC team integrated the two measures and established a new technical route.
The engineering team built offshore grouting platforms on the main channel, and innovated the construction method. They first injected a circle of gel around the seabed rock to "bind" it, and then pressed ultra-fine cement into the rock to seal the cracks, transforming the loose rock into solid concrete. Months later, a protective layer measuring 36 meters wide and 45 meters long was completed, sheltering the thinnest part of the seabed stratum from broken rocks and high-pressure seawater.
However, the erosive power of seawater far exceeded prior expectations. After deliberation, engineers decided to use a concrete structure with a compressive strength of C50 in the first attempt of the high-speed railway undersea tunnel. They eventually mastered the necessary technique for preventing concrete from cracking.
Trio of geological challenges
Li Wei, the chief engineer of the Shantou-Shanwei High-speed Railway project of CRDC, is still awed by the trio of geological challenges faced during the shield tunneling.
First they encountered isolated rocks, then a strata of uneven hardness and softness, and finally rock as hard as steel. In a space of 100 meters, three huge isolated rocks blocked the path of the shield machine. A drilling and blasting system was adopted to break the rocks.
Using multiple drill bits to create holes to load explosives, the team eventually cracked the rocks into crushed stones.
However, the diverse and unevenly strata made it hard for the shield machine to accurately adjust its parameters and control the tunneling positioning. Through intensive on-site inspection, summary of geological data and precise profiling of strata, the shield machine successfully broke through the complicated stratum.
The last few hundred meters of hard rock section was the most difficult to tunnel through. The shield tunneling machine suffered severe abrasions.
The team made improvements to the shield machine by adding a rotating detection system and more cutting rotors, enabling it to move forward steadily. Meanwhile, meticulous maintenance and monitoring were conducted.
After more than 900 days of construction, the undersea tunnel was finally broken through on March 26. The excavation diameter of 14.57 meters makes it the world's largest railway undersea tunnel in terms of diameter.
Earthquake resistant
The tunnel is constantly under the pressure of fault movement and the surrounding seawater, posing challenges to its operational safety, said Huo Fei, engineer from CRDC.
During a survey in 2020, Huo was impressed with an isolation bearing of a building. Why not wrap the tunnel with a "soft and hard layer" for earthquake resistance? After rounds of selection, materials that can resist daily seawater pressure and absorb seismic energy during sudden earthquakes were found and passed the necessary tests. Meanwhile, before the shield machine entered the sea, the sealing gaskets installed at the segment joints also underwent multiple vibration and movement tests.
After the operation of the undersea tunnel, trains traveling at a speed of 350 kilometers per hour can cross Shantou Bay in just 100 seconds.
We will continue to innovate railway technology, and create more engineering miracles under complex geological conditions, said Li.