The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, aimed at producing energy through a fusion process similar to that of the sun.
It is currently being built adjacent to the Cadarache facility in southern France. Upon completion of construction of the main reactor and first plasma, scheduled for 2033-2034, ITER is set to be the largest of more than 100 fusion reactors built since the 1950s.
Fusion aims to mimic the process that occurs in stars, where the intense heat at the core fuses atomic nuclei together to produce large amounts of energy in the form of heat and light. Harnessing the power of fusion under terrestrial conditions, would provide enough energy to meet growing demand of an increasing number of people in the world in a sustainable way, and will have relatively little impact on the environment. One gram of deuterium-tritium fuel mixture in the process of nuclear fusion produces 90,000 kilowatt-hours of energy, or the equivalent of energy produced burning 11 tons of coal.
Nuclear fusion uses a different approach to traditional nuclear power. Current nuclear power plants rely on nuclear fission, in which the nucleus of an atom is split to release energy. Nuclear fusion takes multiple nuclei and uses intense heat to fuse them together, a process that also releases energy.
Fusion has many potential attractions. The fuel is relatively abundant or can be produced in a fusion reactor. After preliminary tests with deuterium, ITER will use a mixture of deuterium and tritium for its fusion because of the high energy potential of the combination.
The first isotope, deuterium, can be extracted from seawater, where it is an almost inexhaustible resource, while the second isotope, tritium, occurs only in trace amounts in nature, and the estimated world supply (produced mainly by heavy water CANDU fission reactors) is only 20 kilograms per year, insufficient for power plants.
In addition, a fusion reactor would produce virtually no CO2 emissions or air pollutants, there would be no chance of a meltdown, and its radioactive waste products would be mostly very short-lived compared to those produced by conventional nuclear reactors (fission reactors).