From scorching heat waves across large parts of Asia and drought in Southern Africa, to record-breaking floods in southern Brazil, the first half of 2024 saw the world ravaged by unparalleled extreme weather events.
The increasing frequency of these events highlights the urgency for collaborative action on climate change.
Technology and innovation have great potential to help us achieve global sustainable development goals, according to the latest United in Science 2024 report released by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
"Technologies such as digital twins and virtual reality can be applied in innovative contexts to help us achieve sustainable development and enhance disaster preparedness," says the report.
Extreme weather event threaten
Climate change has led to widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere and biosphere, making 2023 not only the hottest year on record, but also the year with the least water in global rivers in nearly 33 years.
Climate change has also made the hydrological cycle more unstable, and rising temperatures have contributed to long-term droughts. At the same time, floods have occurred in many parts of the world.
On April 16, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) witnessed record-breaking rainfall. Heavy rains caused floods in the UAE, affecting the cities of Dubai and Sharjah and the northern Emirates. According to the UAE National Center for Meteorology, this was the country's heaviest rainfall since records began in 1949.
As temperatures rise, the risk of extreme rainfall will continue to increase, said Samantha Burgess, deputy director of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S).
C3S is the EU's climate monitoring agency. It said that September 2024 was the second-warmest September globally in the ERA5 dataset, which provides hourly temperature data for the past 8 decades. The report said, "2024 is on track to be the hottest year ever."
Innovation supports climate action
International collaboration and technology transfer is crucial given the global nature and size of the challenge, said the United Nations Development Programme.
Emerging natural and social science, technology and innovation can support climate action to revolutionize environmental monitoring, inform decision-making, and support effective climate change mitigation.
Currently, global technology companies and meteorological research institutions are developing forecast models based on AI.
The launch of the UN-led AI Advisory Body in 2023 advanced a global trend to leverage to find solutions to climate challenges.
According to the World Economic Forum, the use of artificial intelligence can contribute to the fight against climate change. For example, we all know that icebergs are melting, but AI knows where and how fast — because it has been trained to measure the changes in icebergs 10,000 times faster than humans.
Researchers from the University of Leeds in the UK said their AI can map large Antarctic icebergs in satellite images in just one-hundredth of a second, according to the European Space Agency's reports.
Space-based Earth observation technology also plays an important role in addressing climate change. With high-temporal and spatial resolution satellite images and real-time data, space-based Earth observation can not only monitor extreme weather events in real time but also observe changes in the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, and land, providing detailed climate data from global to local dimensions.
Meanwhile, immersive technologies such as digital twins, virtual reality and metaverse are providing innovative solutions to help address the complex impacts of climate change on water and soil resources and on the social economy.
Celeste Saulo, secretary-general of the WMO, said that natural and social sciences, as well as technological innovation, hold enormous potential to help us achieve our global climate goals.