







Chinese scientists have developed a comprehensive map of the heterogeneity and developmental dynamics of human macrophages and unraveled their diverse functions during development, according to a paper recently published in the journal Cell.
Macrophages, as a vital part of the immune system, consist of diverse subtypes and play critical roles in human development and disease, but their diverse function and specification remain inadequately understood during human development.
To unravel these mysteries, the research team has built a single-cell RNA sequencing platform and "decoded" 300,000 developing immune cells. They finally identified 11 major immune cell types and classified each major immune cell type in more detail, resulting in 56 immune cell subtypes (including 15 macrophages), and generated a spatial and temporal molecular roadmap.
Notably, in 15 macrophage subtypes, the research team identified a microglia-like population and a proangiogenic population, proving that the two groups of immune cells play different functions in human development.
The microglia-like cell is similar to microglia, but the former is present in the fetal skin, testicle and heart, while the latter only exists in the central nervous system. Microglia-like cells are the major immune population in the early fetal skin, and interact with and regulate neural crest cells. Through spatial and differentiation trajectory analysis, researchers also showed that proangiogenic macrophages are perivascular across fetal organs.
"This study expands people's knowledge of human immune development, especially macrophage diversity, differentiation and function. A deeper understanding of the immune system's function and regulatory mechanism will be an important foundation for disease diagnosis, immunotherapy and new therapeutic development," said Han Jiahuai, academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and professor of Xiamen University.
The study was carried out by Li Hanjie's research team at Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS, in collaboration with Shenzhen Bao'an District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Fudan University.