Pristine wetlands are a crucial means of greenhouse gas sink. However, their capacity to do so is being compromised by global warming. According to a new study, published in Nature Climate Change on March 20 and led by scientists from the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the wetlands' capacity to act as a carbon sink will decline by more than half (about 57 percent), in response to an average temperature increase by 1.5~2 centigrade.
Wetlands only occupy six percent of the Earth's surface, but they store one-third of global soil organic carbon. This can be attributed to the fact that plants in wetlands convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon in soil through photosynthesis. Moreover, the anaerobic nature of wetlands slows the rate of organic carbon decomposition.
In this study, researchers have combined data from 167 independent wetland sites over a period from 1990 to 2022, measuring carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide responses to experimental warming. They have found that the dominant plant types of wetlands can provide significant insight into the uncertainty of greenhouse gas sink, or source, in each warming experiment.
The study reveals that: regardless of the dominant plant species, the warming will promote methane emissions from wetlands. Meanwhile, wetlands will act as either a carbon dioxide sink or source after warming, depending on the dominant plant functional type. Moreover, although nitrous oxide efflux from wetlands is usually low, a slight increase in its emission could have a significant impact on global warming.
Furthermore, the study said that the net emissions of methane and nitrous oxide in permafrost wetlands will increase more significantly than in other regions due to global warming, which could have positive feedback on global warming.