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Obesity is becoming more prevalent in many countries. The Lancet, after six large-scale surveys, estimates that there are 85 million obese adults in China in 2018. Of great concern is what health problems are hidden behind obesity.
Consequences of obesity
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. A body mass index (BMI) over 25 is considered overweight, and over 30 is obese. The issue has grown to epidemic proportions, with over four million people dying each year as a result of being overweight or obese in 2017, according to WHO.
Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases and conditions, which are linked to premature death. Several research studies reveal that obesity has been linked to various chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer.
Obesity can be generally classified into the following three types:
1. Abdominal obesity, which has been defined as waist circumference (WC) ≥90 cm in men and WC ≥85 cm in women. Clinical data have confirmed that it is associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes, as well as dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia. Compared to normal weight people, people suffering from this type of obesity have a two to five times greater risk of developing chronic diseases.
2. Female obesity. Women often have a higher risk of obesity-related comorbidities compared to men, and a two-fold higher risk of death than overweight men. While the disproportionate burden of this obesity-related disease in women is partly due to differences in medical comorbidities, it is also linked to emotional and psychological issues. Overweight women have a higher incidence of menstrual dysfunction and anovulation. Clinical studies have also shown that endometrial cancer is twice as common in overweight women (BMI 25 to 29.9) in comparison with women who stay at a healthy weight.
3. Obesity in the elderly. The prevalence of obesity is rising even among the older population, which often results in poor muscle quality. It has been reported that the prevalence of oligomuscular obesity among the elderly in China is increasing rapidly. Obese individuals exhibit impaired muscle function, thus contributing to morbidity and mortality among the elderly.
How can overweight and obesity be reduced?
Since the main cause of overweight and obesity is the imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, reducing the number of calories consumed from fats and sugars, increasing the portion of daily intake of fruit, vegetables, legumes, whole grains and nuts, and engaging in regular physical activity (60 minutes per day for children and 150 minutes per week for adults) will help to reduce obesity, according to WHO.
1. Dietary changes
A high-protein diet refers to a daily protein intake of more than 20 percent but no more than 30 percent of the total daily energy. Eating a protein-rich diet can help people lose weight, as it can help them avoid overeating and build lean muscle. Leaner meats help burn more calories throughout the day, which can also help with weight loss.
2. Physical exercise
Lack of physical activity is one of the important risk factors for overweight. When losing weight, more physical activity increases the number of calories the body uses for energy or burns off. Burning calories through physical activity, combined with reducing the number of calories you eat, creates a calorie deficit, which leads to weight loss. Aerobic exercise (walking, jogging, cycling, etc.) combined with resistance training (squats, push-ups, sit-ups, etc.) are recommended as an efficient way to reduce weight.