"Diversity" has long been a watchword in fields such as economics and ecology, and in recent years has gained prominence in the conversation around increased racial, ethnic and cultural representation across the public and commercial sectors.
Diversity also pertains to research – not only to researchers, but also to the balance of subject fields embraced by universities, research institutions and nations as a whole.
Our latest Global Research Report from the ISI at Clarivate, examines this latter aspect, indexing levels of subject diversity over the last 40 years, in selected samples representing institutions as well as nations. To demonstrate the relevance of subject diversity, we also investigate its role in the global research community during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Seeking balance
The authors of the latest Global Research Report turned to the Web of Science(WOS) and its collection of indexed journals spanning more than a century, with curated, consistent treatment of publications representing a constant set of 250 subject areas as reference material? Our analysis focused on research indexed from 1981 to 2018.
This report relies primarily on the alternate terms "balance" and "evenness" in referring to a diverse research portfolio reflecting many disciplines. This contrasts with programs that lean more toward specialization in comparatively fewer disciplines.
To control the large differences in paper output between different subject areas, along with other complexities in such a large, multiyear sample of publications, we normalized the data against the WOS Core Collection as a sound global reference baseline for uniform comparison. We also used the Gini coefficient – initially developed in economics to convey income disparity – as a gauge to track the evenness in subject-matter output over the decades.
A closer look at samples
In examining selected nations, the report charts the diversity of subject fields for Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK and the US, as well as Brazil, Russia, India, Mainland China and South Korea.
Our findings include the observation that Germany and the US have tended to display a more even balance of subject concentration over recent decades. Meanwhile, Chinese Mainland and South Korea, for example, have moved from an initial footing of greater specialization toward increased balance.
At the institutional level, the report examines subject diversity as displayed by selected universities in the UK and Australia. Results suggest that Australian universities have cultivated greater diversity, while some large UK institutions have retained a lower balance of specialty areas.
Looking ahead
Creating a custom database based on COVID-related keywords, we parsed some 67,000 reports published during 2020 and 2021. The aim was to learn which countries responded with research of particular relevance to confronting the pandemic.
The results showed that countries with evenly balanced research portfolios – especially the US, Germany and the UK – produced papers in the most comprehensive range of topics pertinent to COVID-19. South Korea and Chinese Mainland are technology specialists with less diverse portfolios, which impacted the range of research they published in response to this crisis.
With this finding, the report demonstrates that analysis of subject diversity goes beyond typical citation analysis, which generally looks backward at performance.
Instead, learning lessons from a balanced research portfolio can guide institutions and nations alike in steering their future efforts – for normal planning and management, as well as preparation against unforeseen circumstances.
The author is Chief Scientist, Institute for Scientific Information at Clarivate.